3. United States Senate, Language of Government Act of 1995 Hearings, December 6, 1995 and March 7, 1996. Gingrich and Shelby spoke before the committee.

4. Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, editor's introduction.

5. U.S. Senate, Language of Government Act of 1995 Hearings.

6. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991). Anderson details the necessity of the capitalist press in the nation-building process. When people from diverse backgrounds began to habitually read a common newspaper, in a common language, they also began to imagine a common community.

7. U.S. Senate, Language of Government Act of 1995 Hearings. Churchill quoted by Representative Toby Roth of Wisconsin.

8. Anderson, Imagined Communities, p 42.

9. Theodore Roosevelt, "The Children of the Crucible." This wartime appeal was drafted in September 1917 and reprinted in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties,
p. 85f.

10. US English, "In Defense of Our Common Language," in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties.

11. Shirley Brice Heath, "Why No Official Tongue?" in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, pp.20-31. Heath counters the national mythology of the English-only movement with an accurate historical tracing of the intentions of the Founding Fathers. I don't believe her argument to be fruitful; the rich history of American national mythology can be a tool for both proponents and opponents of the movement.

12. Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), p.260f.

13. Theodore Roosevelt, "The Children of the Crucible" (n. 9), p. 85f.

14. U.S. Senate, Language of Government Act of 1995 Hearings.

15. James Crawford, "What's Behind Official English?" in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, p. 172.

16. For an excellent analysis of the myth of the melting pot, see Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1993).

17. Joshua A. Fishman, "The Displaced Anxieties of Anglo-Americans," in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, pp. 165-170. Fishman researched immigrant patterns of social mobility. The Galloway analysis was extracted from U.S. Senate, Language of Government Act of 1995 Hearings.

18. Albert Memmi, Racism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 180.

19. James Crawford, "Anatomy of the English-only Movement," conference paper, University of Illinois, March 21, 1996 (can be read at his webpage [n. 2]). This is an excellent essay detailing the socioeconomic roots of current and historical English-only legislation in the U.S.

20. Ron Unz, "Rocks Falling Upward," National Review, October 26, 2001.

21. Nicholas Josefowitz, "Harvard Panel Heatedly Debates Bilingual Education," Harvard Crimson, October 16, 2001.

22. Editorial, "Increase in Test Scores Counters Dire Forecast for Bilingual Ban," New York Times, August 20, 2000. Kenji Hakuta's counter can be read at Crawford's English-only website.

23. David Ramirez, Sandra Yuen, and Dena Ramey, Final Report: Longitudinal Study of Structured English Immersion Strategy (San Mateo, California: Aguirre International, 1991).

24. Josefowitz, "Harvard Panel." (n. 21).

25. Stephen D, Krashen, Condemned Without a Trial: Bogus Arguments Against Bilingual Education (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1999), p. vii.

26. Memmi, Racism (n. 18), pp. 20-22, and Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), p. 54. I adopted Gould's discussion of the political impetus being far more important than scientific fact in the so-called scientific taxonomy of intelligence between races.

27. Laura Lane, "Bootstraps Literacy and Racist Schooling in the U.S.," Z Magazine, January 1998.

28. Editorial, "Linguistic Confusion," New York Times, December 24, 1996.

29. Cited in Lane, "Bootstraps Literacy."

30. Chomsky's reaction to the Lane article, found at www.zmag.org.

31. Lane cited a study by Thomas Serwatka, Associate Dean of Education at the University of Northern Florida.

32. Crawford, "What's Behind Official English?" (n. 15), p 172. Crawford cites federal tax records (which non-profits must make public) and his interviews with Tanton and other members of US English.

33. Ibid.; also cited in Doug Brugge, "Pulling Up the Ladder," Chip Berlet, ed., Eyes Right! Challenging the Right Wing Backlash (Boston: South End Press, 1995), p. 205.

34. Max Castro, "On the Curious Question of Language in Miami," in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, pp. 178-185.

35. Robin D.G. Kelley, Yo Mama's Dysfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997), p. 107f. Kelley defiantly challenges and discredits certain American leftists who belittle American movements based on the politics of identity.

36. Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.) Robinson thoroughly alters the Western perspectives of the Enlightenment and Marxism to account for the "Wretched of the Earth" on the periphery, rather than merely the Europeans at the core.

37. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, reprinted in frank Shuffleton, ed., The American Enlightenment (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1993), p.193.

38. Benjamin Franklin, The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 4, July 1, 1750 through June 30, 1752, Leonard W. Labaree, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), p. 234.

39. Franz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (New York: Grove Press, 1967), chapter one, "The Negro and Language." Fanon's psychoanalysis of European colonialism and its effects on the language of the colonized is very applicable to the English-only movement.

40. Ashis Nandy, The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983). Nandy's psychoanalytical account of colonial and postcolonial India is impressive, and resembles Fanon's analysis of colonial and postcolonial Africa. The indictment of the racist humanism of the Enlightenment is also noteworthy.

41. Zinn, People's History, p. 305f.

42. Ibid. p. 308.

43. Ward Churchill, Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1998), p. x (introduction).

44. Ibid.

45. United States Bureau of the Census, 1990 and 2000.

46. J.D.C. Atkins, "Barbarous Dialects Should Be Blotted Out," in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, pp. 47-51.

47. Ibid.

48. Claude Bowers, Beveridge and the Progressive Era (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1932), p. 121.

49. The Language Policy Taskforce, "English and Colonialism in Puerto Rico," in Crawford, ed., Language Loyalties, pp.63-71.

50. Ibid.

51. Crawford, "Anatomy of the English-only Movement" (n. 19).

52. Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks (n. 39), p. 38.

53. Economic Policy Institute, The State of Working America, cited in Holly Sklar, "The Dying of the American Dream and the Snake Oil of Scapegoating," in Berlet, ed., Eyes Right (n. 33), p. 114. See also the writings of William Greider and Jim Hightower.

54. Daniel Burton-Rose, ed., The Celling of America: An Inside Look at the U.S. Prison Industry (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1998).

55. Patrick Buchanan, The Great Betrayal: How American Society and Social Justice Are Being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1998), pp. 66-71.

56. Noam Chomsky, Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999), pp. 102-105.

57. Buchanan, The Great Betrayal, p. 292.

58. Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States (Boston: South End Press, 1990).

59. R.O. Boyer and H.M. Morais, Labor's Untold Stary (New York: United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers, 1955.)

60. David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991), pp. 1-6. Roediger cited the DuBois quote.

61. Frances Kellor, "Americanization by Industry," Immigrants in America Review, 2 (1916), no.1, pp.15-26.

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